24 calculators

Technology & Computing

Networks, storage, data sizes, time stamps, passwords and the sums behind software.

192.168.1.0/24254 hosts

1 GiB1,073,741,824 B

173000000027 Oct 2024

01AF/IPGBmsHz:10ffKiBMb.
↓Download timeHow long a file takes to download or upload at your connection speed, or the speed you need to move it in a set time.Tech***Password strengthHow many combinations a password's length and characters allow, its entropy in bits, and how long trying every one would take at a guessing speed you choose.Tech99%Uptime (SLA)The downtime an uptime percentage or SLA allows per day, week, month and year, or the uptime a known outage gives, with the "nines" table.TechmsFrame timeTurn a refresh rate in Hz or a frame rate in fps into the time each frame lasts in milliseconds, or back, and count the frames in a stretch of time.TechGBVector storageThe storage a set of embedding vectors needs, from how many there are, their dimensions and the number type, plus metadata and index overhead.TechTkLLM tokensEstimate how many tokens a text is from its words or characters, how much of a model's context window it fills, and what it costs at a price you enter.TechGBData storageConvert a file or disk size between bits, bytes, decimal units (kB, MB, GB, TB, PB) and binary units (KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB, PiB), and see why a drive looks smaller than its label.TechtsUnix timestampTurn a Unix (epoch) timestamp in seconds or milliseconds into a date and time in UTC and any time zone, with ISO 8601 and RFC 2822 forms, or a date and time back into a timestamp.Tech/24Subnet (CIDR)Network and broadcast address, subnet and wildcard mask, usable host range and host count for an IPv4 CIDR block, or the range and size of an IPv6 prefix.TechAILLM API costWhat an AI model API costs per request, per conversation and per month from tokens in and out at the prices you enter, with prompt caching, batch discounts, images, audio and speech, and the tokens per minute you need.TechbpsBandwidthConvert a data rate between bits and bytes per second (Mbps, MB/s, Gbps, MiB/s and more), or work out the monthly data transfer and bandwidth a website needs.TechCCCloud costYour monthly and yearly cloud bill from compute hours, storage, data egress, requests and serverless functions, at the prices on your provider's price list, with each part's share.TechGPUGPU memory (VRAM)An estimate of the GPU memory (VRAM) a language model needs to run or to fine-tune: its weights at a precision, the KV cache for a context and batch, Adam optimizer states or LoRA adapters, and a margin you choose.TechMbVideo bitrate & sizeA video's file size from its video and audio bitrate and length, the bitrate that fits a target file size, and the storage continuous recording needs for a number of cameras or streams over days.TechremPX to REMConverts CSS pixels to rem and back at the root font size you set (16px by default), and px to em and back against a parent font size, with a table of common sizes.TechWAVAudio file sizeHow big a recording will be: uncompressed PCM (WAV, AIFF) from the sample rate, bit depth and channels, or a compressed file (MP3, AAC, Opus) from its bitrate, in decimal and binary units.TechMPImage file sizeThe uncompressed size of an image from its width, height and bit depth (greyscale, RGB, RGBA, 16 bits a channel), its megapixels, and how much a saved JPEG, PNG or other file is compressed.TechRPSRate limitConvert an API rate limit between requests per second, minute, hour and day, find the minimum spacing between requests, how long a job of N requests takes at the limit (with burst capacity and concurrency), and how a limit splits between clients.TechBOExponential backoffThe wait before each retry with exponential backoff, d = min(cap, base × factor^n), the range each wait can take with full or equal jitter, and the shortest, average and worst-case total time spent waiting.TechGPUGPU training costEstimate the compute to train a language model (about 6 × parameters × tokens FLOPs) or run it on tokens (about 2 × parameters per token), the GPU-hours at your GPU's peak speed and utilisation, the wall-clock time on N GPUs and the cost at your hourly price.TechTBWSSD lifespanHow many years an SSD's rated endurance lasts from its TBW rating and your daily writes, with a write amplification option and the endurance used and left from the terabytes written so far, or convert between DWPD and TBW.TechBWMemory bandwidthPeak memory bandwidth in GB/s from the transfer rate, bus width and number of channels: system RAM such as DDR4-3200 in dual channel, or a graphics card's GDDR or HBM from its data rate per pin and bus width.TechCVSCVSS scoreThe CVSS v3.1 base score and severity rating of a vulnerability from its eight base metrics or a vector string, worked out exactly as the FIRST specification sets out.TechTCTimecodeConvert frames to SMPTE timecode and back at any common frame rate, including 29.97 drop-frame, add or subtract timecodes, and see the real running time in seconds.Tech

About the technology calculators

Technology & Computing has 24 calculators for the sums behind networks, storage and software: download times, bandwidth and data transfer, file and disk sizes in decimal and binary units, IPv4 subnets, Unix timestamps, uptime and SLA downtime, password strength, video and audio file sizes, cloud and GPU costs, and the token counts that language-model APIs charge by. They are written for developers, system administrators, students and anyone trying to make sense of a spec sheet.

Each calculator shows the formula and works through the steps with your values, which matters here because so many mistakes come from mixing bits with bytes or decimal megabytes with binary mebibytes. Prices and limits are never built in: where a sum needs a price per hour, per gigabyte or per token, you enter the figure from your own provider, so the result matches your actual plan. Everything runs in your browser, and the password strength calculator works from a length and the kinds of characters used, so you never type the password itself.

Most used technology calculators

Good places to start. Each has a written guide, a worked example and answers to common questions.

How to choose the right technology calculator

For moving data, the download time calculator gives how long a file takes at your connection speed, and the bandwidth calculator converts between data rates such as Mbps and MB/s. For sizes, the data storage converter moves between bytes, decimal units such as GB and binary units such as GiB. For networks, the subnet calculator gives the address range and host count for a CIDR block.

For operations, the uptime calculator turns an SLA percentage into allowed downtime, and the Unix timestamp converter turns epoch seconds into a date in any time zone. For security, the password strength calculator shows the entropy that a length and character set give. For AI work, the LLM token calculator and the LLM cost calculator estimate the size and cost of a prompt.

Bits, bytes and the two kinds of gigabyte

Network speeds are quoted in bits per second, and file sizes in bytes, with 8 bits to a byte. A 1 GB file is 8,000 megabits, so at 100 Mbps it takes about 80 seconds in ideal conditions. A decimal gigabyte (GB) is 1,000,000,000 bytes, while a binary gibibyte (GiB) is 1,073,741,824 bytes, which is why a new drive often shows less space than the box says.

Updated

Questions people ask

What is the difference between Mbps and MB/s?

Mbps is megabits per second and MB/s is megabytes per second. There are 8 bits in a byte, so 100 Mbps is 12.5 MB/s.

What is the difference between GB and GiB?

A GB (gigabyte) is 1,000,000,000 bytes; a GiB (gibibyte) is 1,073,741,824 bytes, or 1,024³. Drive makers usually use GB, while many operating systems count in GiB.

How much downtime does 99.9% uptime allow?

About 8.76 hours a year, since 0.1% of the 8,760 hours in a 365-day year is 8.76 hours. That is about 43.8 minutes in an average month.

Do I have to type my password into the strength calculator?

No. You enter the length and choose which kinds of characters it uses, such as capitals, digits and symbols, so the password itself is never entered.

Do the cost calculators include current cloud or API prices?

No. You enter the prices from your own provider, so the result reflects your plan and does not go out of date when prices change.